At what times do the hour and minute hands on a clock face become perfectly aligned? Obviously 12:00 is one time. Now think about that at 6:00 where the hands are opposite each other. By the time the minute hand has moved to the 6, the hour hand has already advanced halfway from 6 to 7, and by the time the minute hand moves halfway from 6 to 7, the hour hand has advanced a little more, and so on. At 11:00, by the time the minute hand reaches the hour hand, the hour hand will already be at 12, and the hands will be aligned at 12:00 again. So the two hands actually only align 11 times during a 12-hour period, or 22 times in 24 hours. So the secret then is simply that the hands align at multiples of 12/11ths of an hour, or about 1 hour 5 minutes and 27 seconds. This can be described as T=n x 12/11, where 'T' is the time and 'n' is the integers from 1 to 11. You can see in the table below, the right column has the alignment times, but there isn't one for 11, because it becomes 12.
Wednesday, February 17, 2021
At what times are the hands on a clock aligned?
Wednesday, February 10, 2021
Cultivation of Aloe polyphylla
The following is a copy of information provided to me by Alan C Beverly of Ecoscape Nursery, a specialist in the growing of Spiral Aloe, Aloe polyphylla.
This seed was harvested In Aug-Sept 2020 and stored at refrigerator temperature. It is hybrid seed produced by hand pollination of differing genotypic parents. Other researchers (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) have found that a good way to proceed is to soak the seeds in water for a few weeks until the root begins to emerge. Then transplant the germinated seed to real media to establish a seedling. I have performed a partial scarification using 150 grit san paper to break the outer dry "wings" to facilitate imbibition of water before planting the seed into the media. This facilitates faster germination but exposes the endosperm to micro-organisms which kill the seed. There must be an anti-microbial compound in the seed coating (wings) that protects the seedling. As each seed germinates remove it from the water and place into shaded media. Do NOT cover the seed with mulch. The root emerges and the first seed-leaf is formed. The root descends into the soil but may not find sufficient spaces between the soil particles to descend, resulting in the seedling lifting itself up. This is the critical moment to help the seedling to establish a downward pointing root in contact with soil and the reason I recommend using no organic matter, only red lava. You may want to manipulate seedlings which have a looped root to help establishment. In week 4 you will want to watch and manipulate each seedling carefully to anchor the root. Grow-lights and a fan on a 16-hour day length are helpful. You may begin to use a crystalline fertilizer such as Miracle-Gro at label rate. Recent trials are showing that 100% red lava, 8mm (5/16”) washed, offers the best result. When the first root begins to explore the soil, the soil must conform to the physiological needs of the root tissue to provide enough oxygen. Only COOL soil temperature fosters seed germination, bottom heat is NOT necessary. Temperature range of 4-21°C (40-70°F) is suggested. When the first cotyledon leaf is formed with a root your seedling is beginning to establish itself. The soil media as prescribed has little water holding capacity, and your seedling wants a very porous soil now, so decrease water applications to about 1x/3 days lightly.
At the 4-leaf stage you may safely transplant seedlings to increase personal space required for plant development. The media should be 50/50 red lava and perlite. Do NOT overwater believing it to be essential to the seedling. This is just one of the counterintuitive factors I have come to realize growing this species.
Thanks for your business and interest in Aloe polyphylla. Here is a brief set of instructions and caveats to start your journey of wonderment growing the Spiral Aloe. Please visit our website for updates and more information.
1. Soil Mix: I have experimented with several concepts of soil formulae and now recommend this: Very Little POTTING SOIL- Use 50% RED LAVA, 8mm (5/16") washed, and 50% #3 PERLITE. For tub specimens this is amended to read 100% 19mm (3/4") red lava, with some potting soil (10%) and/or perlite permitted.
2. Prevent the soil temperature from going above 27°C (80°F) by using a large container of ceramic, wood, or terra cotta. Overpotting is the rule for good growth. The leaf tolerance of high air temperatures is much higher than the root’s tolerance.
3. Plant must have some outdoor light quality with UVA, UVB radiation to achieve good spiral form. Remember that it is infrared radiation which heats up the container, but that UVA & B radiation is the energy which drives photosynthesis.
4. Use only water you would drink and enjoy, No chlorine, No salt, Not alkaline. No graywater.
5. Adult plants with 150+ leaves have a rated hardiness of -12°C (10°F) if winter sun is ~6 hours/day. Juvenile plants have less hardiness and should be protected.
6. Organic materials fertilizers are NOT safe. The added microorganisms are facultative, meaning they can act as both a pathogen or in a saprophytic benign behavior. No osmocote, No salty granular formulations. I use Miracle-Gro at 1 teaspoon/gallon only (this originally said 1 tablespoon/gallon but that seems excessive. I suggest clarifying this with Alan C. Beverly).
7. Be watchful of ant activity and use chemical warfare to kill and deter them and aphids and mealy bugs by using 1% soap with some pyrethroid additive. Mites have proven to be a major threat, see #14
8. Never pull off a leaf with tip necrosis mid-spiral. The only plant grooming is to pull off the lowermost leaf when paper thin. The plant will release its hold on it when the goo is resorbed. At a maximum size of ~175 leaves the dynamic ratio of new leaf creation to old leaf retirement is 1. Fusarium infection of roots alters this ratio to less than 1, and mites in the root stump do the same.
9. Healthy roots are yellow, dead roots are brown. Some live older roots will have a brown color due to suberization . If the plant collapses pull it up, clean off the dead roots, jet wash, scrape the root stump with a penknife down to hard tissue, removing all dead tissue. Let the plant dry before replanting on moist soil in shade. In 2-3 weeks, new roots form. I call this plant rehabilitation and is a normal and expected event in the life of A.p. Adult container specimens require this every 5 years. Do not water the plant until a "push test" proves that new roots have formed to grab the media, creating resistance to push or pull. Healthy roots require much oxygen to inflate each leaf. High soil temperatures and/or flooded soil will suffocate the roots.
10. The above recommendations are written with reference to container plants. In the landscape a mound of sandy loam free of root competition from other plants will be a good start for 65-75 leaf plants and diminish concerns of high soil temperatures.
11. I warranty each plant for 60 days after shipment. If you follow instructions and your plant suddenly dies, I will send another only if you provide a pic via email of the plant. Upon receipt, expose the plant to air and light, there is no immediate requirement to install in the specified media. Prepare the media and water it. Place your plant high in the center of your container and wait several weeks for new roots to form. You may apply liquid fertilizers at this time.
12. I enclose a sample of the media to show just how radically different it is from other commercial "cactus & succulent" media. It is closer to what is used in hydroponic grow systems than any media specification you have seen.
13. Your plant has been treated with systemic insecticides and miticides to protect it against the Springtails (Collembola) and the Eriophyid mites which may inhabit the root stump. The Springtails are easy to eliminate, but the red mites are very small and cause a very big problem for A.p. The mite adults are visible with a hand lens, but the larvae measure in at about 250 microns, making them invisible to even those with hand lens. They occupy the live/dead tissue boundary in the root stump. A mite-infested plant will die slowly from symptoms which mimic death by Fusarium. After 30 years of dealing with this I'm convinced that the major pest of A.p. is actually the red spider mites, and not Fusarium, which is now listed in second place. Most other Aloes in Southern California can be plagued by subcutaneous mites which generate a hyperplasia (tumor) easily viewed. There is NO CURE. Prevention is then the only strategy. Abamectin is one miticide but is not systemic. Spirotetramat is a systemic miticide. The use of essential oils such as garlic, clove, rosemary, and castor (Mite-X) has value in surface treating the root stump by soaking for plants undergoing a rehabilitation procedure. The Orange-guard product has limonene which is also good. For A.p. infected with red mites there is a stasis reached where they simply stay put in the root stump. They cannot live outside of the root stump, like termites, are very vulnerable to desiccation and UV light. Plants so infected may begin to lean to one side and have an altered dynamic leaf ratio, losing more leaf than are being grown. This is all you will witness unless the mites are disturbed by carving back dead tissue of the root stump to reveal the live/dead tissue boundary. I cannot report any success to spray or soak mite infested plants with any miticide.
14. I receive many questions regarding tip necrosis. This is the effect of a limited soil volume, insects, or the Fusarium fungus. If the symptom occurs only on the oldest leaf, then this is considered a symptom of pre-retirement of the leaf, but if this occurs in mid-spiral with larger lesions then I would recommend pulling up your plant and inspecting closely for insects etc... clean dead tissue, jet-wash, and re-root. The root stump should be hard. If soft, cut away all soft tissue, spray with an aerosol insecticide and re-root.
Tuesday, December 29, 2020
The Devil Wedding, a Georgian folk tale
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| Tales of the Uncanny by Václav Černy, Zlata Černá, and Miroslav Novák. Published in Czechoslovakia, 1976. https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/060038716X |
The Devil Wedding
Aluda Sazikauli lived at the edge of the village of Shatili.
He had neither wife nor children, his father and brother had been
killed by Kists, and his mother had died of fever during a pilgrimage to the
Cross of Gudan. Aluda took his revenge on the murderers of his father and
brother, provided for the funeral of his
mother, and from that time he lived alone. He was
respected by the villagers, for he was a good hunter and an
amusing drinking companion, who always knew how to add
to the general good cheer with a fine story. “To the Cross
of Gudan,” he would say, “you should
have been with me and now you could
make me choke on every lie you catch me telling. Can I
help it if you are all so unadventurous?”
One day Aluda Sazikauli set off to hunt mountain goat.
There were great numbers of these shy creatures on the
distant mountain slopes. He travelled until dusk and spent
the night under his cloak in a sheltered valley by a spring.
The next day he climbed the bare
mountains. Boulders jutted out from the
rock-face like the teeth of a fairy-tale giant, but not a
mountain goat was to be seen. He crossed over the summit
and descended into the next valley, but again he had nothing
better to eat but bread, cheese, and water from a spring. In
vain did he call on Ochopinto, the
herdsman of the wild animals of the forest. By
late in the afternoon of the third day he had seen
nothing. Then suddenly he saw three nanny-goats and a
mighty he-goat with powerful horns standing outlined
against the sky. Taking cover behind boulders, he crept
close to them, and felled the he-goat with
a single shot. The third night was fast
approaching, and he could not spend the night on
the bare mountainside. He put the mountain goat on his
back and began to climb down the steep slope.
Suddenly in a narrow valley, between the trees, he saw
smoke rising, and before long he came to an extraordinary
building. It was a stone castle made of rough-hewn boulders.
The castle was built right into the hillside and had a
crumbling watchtower. A drawbridge led to a
wooden portico, guarded by twin towers.
The castle was gigantic. Its doors were so huge that a rider
with his spear held high could pass through them,
and two knights in armor could ride side by side along
the battlements.
“To the Cross of Gudan,” said Aluda
Sazikauli to himself. “There are no castles built like this, today.
Our ancestors must have been mighty
men! “
The light was fading and smoke was rising from the chimneys. Singing could be heard from the great hall and Aluda longed for a warm hearth where he could rest his weary limbs. Easing the goat from his shoulders, he called, “Masters of the house!“ There was no reply. He called a second time, and there was no answer. When he was about to call for a third time, the door opened. Dusk had fallen and Aluda thought that his eyes were deceiving him in the gathering darkness. Out of the house and down the lowered drawbridge came a man with seven heads. The heads twisted in every direction and they spoke one after the other in the same voice:
Welcome, guest!
Come in and accept the hospitality of this house!”
At that moment, Aluda realized that he stood before the
terrible seven-headed devil, Baqbaq, whose very name cast fear in the hearts of ordinary men. Aluda was frightened but it was too late to draw back and decline the invitation. “May
the White Rider help me," he thought to himself as he stepped bravely
toward the seven-headed monster.
“I see you are a hunter “ The devil
laughed so heartily that the valley shook.
“I shall call my son to take care of your prey.” He
turned two of his heads and called into the house. The
door opened once again, and his son stepped onto the
drawbridge. He was even more misshapen than his father; he
had three legs and his arms brushed the ground.
“This is my youngest son, Forest-Howler,” said Baqbaq.
“My son, take our guest into the hall.”
“Come in, my guest,” Baqbaq turned to Aluda. “You are not
the only one who will be feasting under my roof tonight. We
are celebrating the marriage of my daughter, Three
Eyes-beautiful Eyes. I am sure you have heard of her.”
Aluda was terrified but all the same he smiled politely and
followed Baqbaq and his son into the castle. They passed
through an anteroom and entered the great hall. A cauldron
hissed and steamed above a great fire that roared in the
hearth. The guests were sitting on benches
along the walls, and they fell silent as
Baqbaq led Aluda inside.
“Our house has been honoured by a new guest,” said Baqbaq, “a Khevsur hunter. I don”t know your name, guest,”
he turned to Aluda, “but I see by your weapons that you are
a brave man, and a mighty hunter.”
Aluda turned a little pale, but his host continued:
“You may put your weapons aside, because you are safe in
my house.”
Aluda drew back a pace, but he was instantly surrounded
by hideous claws that reached out towards him. “Entrust me
with your gun and scimitar, so I can hang them in a place of
honour.” It was Baqbaq’s middle son, Mangy-Polecat who
spoke. Reluctantly Aluda placed his gun in one of the claws,
even more reluctantly he unbuckled his scimitar and put it
in the second claw, and then the third
claw seized him and stood him in the centre
of the room.
“Allow me to introduce my guests, Khevsur,” said Baqbaq.
“I am sure you have never met any of them before.” Baqbaq
laughed in all his seven throats, and the company joined him until the rafters shook with their
roaring. It was, indeed, fine company. There
were fewer of them by far than there were heads; they
stared at Aluda out of many eyes; they stretched out
so many arms that Aluda thought that they could have
taken Ananuri Castle apart stone by stone before he could
count to five.
“You should tell us your name, guest,” said the ghastly
Thundershaker, who was presiding over the wedding feast,
“so that the bride and groom may later remember this day
with pride,”
Aluda Sazikauli hesitated. If he told them his real name
they would come to visit him and the rest of the villagers
would avoid his house in horror. He would become an
outcast in his native village, and mothers would frighten
their children with his name. He made up
his mind to lie to them.
“My name is Seven-Devils-Enemies-of-the-Gods,” he said.
“You have a strange name for a Khevsur,”
said Thundershaker in surprise. “I have met a great many of your
fellow countrymen, and they had all sorts of names, but I
have never heard of anyone with a name
like yours. We know that Khevsurs swear to
the Cross of Gudan. You ought to do so now, so that we
can believe you.”
The rest of them joined their voices to his until an
indescribable uproar set in.
“To the sock on the gam, my real name is Seven-Devils-
Enemies-of-the-Gods,” Aluda hurried with his response
before the noise had quietened. No one heard him properly,
and so everyone believed him.
The master of ceremonies then called for silence. He delivered a toast and handed Aluda a goblet of arrack. The goblet was as big as a warrior’s helmet, but without batting an eyelid Aluda drank it all. The devils growled in admiration and Thundershaker called out:
“Bring me the cauldron and I shall give our guest a portion of honour!”
At once Baqbaq’s sons jumped forward and handed him
the huge, steaming cauldron from the fire. Thundershaker
fished something out onto a dish. Forest-Howler knelt down
beside Aluda and placed the dish before him. Aluda saw that
the dish contained a human head. He blenched and his hands
began to shake; he tried to swallow but his throat was dry
and he felt nausea rising in his throat.
Baqbaq was watching Aluda’s expression intently, and he
guffawed with all his seven mouths:
“It seems you do not feel well, guest. Surely you do not
mean to say that the food I offer you does not appeal to you
?
“Actually, I have lost my appetite today,” lied Aluda. “I
tired myself out with my long journey, and
your portion of honour seems a trifle
too rich for my stomach, weakened as it is with hunger.
If you would not be offended, I would prefer some cheese
which I brought with me.
All the demons present began to bawl at the top of their
lungs, but it appeared they were not offended by the
refusal. On the contrary, they were bubbling
over with sympathy, and each was
recommending his own proven remedy against nausea.
“The best is snake’s bile,” screamed a toothy goblin from
the corner.
But the seven-voiced Baqbaq shouted the rest of them
down: “Give him a vat of beer, that will restore his
appetite.”
Everyone agreed and at once they brought a full vat. They
held it to his mouth and poured the beer into him until he
thought he would drown. With all his might he pushed
Forest-Howler away who thought Aluda wanted him to pass
the vat around the circle. The demons drank, a river of beer
gurgled down their throats, and soon they had to bring
another vat. The beer tickled their palates, and they began
to pat their furry bellies, and all at
once they burst into their own wedding song:
“Ho, ho, hyde,
We have a bea-oo-tiful bride.
She’s lovely and furry from head to toe,
Hunchbacked, warty and pigeon-toed.
The bridegroom comes from far away,
And he’s even furrier, hey, hey hey!”
When they thus reminded themselves of the bride,
Thundershaker bellowed out once more:
“Show our bride to the guest, for that is our custom. He is
a human and he will spread tales of
her beauty among his people.”
They all agreed, and as one body they led Aluda to the
bride’s chamber. There sat Three Eyes-Beautiful Eyes
surrounded by her bridesmaids. She was not as hideous as
Aluda had feared, in fact she would even be quite comely if
she could only hide her third eye.
“Be in good health, beautiful bride,” Aluda greeted her.
“Never did I see a more beautiful devil bride. I never would
have thought that devil maidens were so beautiful.”
“I like you too, guest,” said Three Eyes-Beautiful Eyes, and
when none of her bridesmaids were looking she added: “You
are almost as fair as I, and fairer by far than my groom.
You are no doubt courageous and they
told me you are a good hunter. I am sure
you could support a loving wife and a family of
devil children. Kidnap me!”
“How could I dare to do such a thing?” Aluda protested. “I
would insult the house in which I was made welcome, and I
would make blood-feud enemies out of my friends.”
“But you said that I appealed to you, and I want you,” Three
Eyes-Beautiful Eyes stamped her foot stubbornly. “I shall
order my maid to saddle a horse secretly and you will kidnap
me.”
Aluda refused, he resisted, why he even tried to run away,
anything to escape from this two-fold danger, but all in
vain. Three Eyes-Beautiful Eyes snatched
him up and tucked him into her sewing
basket, and then she whispered something to the
hideous old woman who was her maid. In a little while she
released him and took him out into the courtyard and through
the wicker gate, into a pasture where a saddled horse stood
waiting.
At that moment joyous shouting burst out from the front
of the house. The groom had arrived to claim his bride.
Aluda was scared beyond thinking. What was
he to do? He could see no way of escape.
Before very long the wedding guests would discover that the
bride had disappeared, and he with her. They would
pursue them both, and he had no means of fighting them.
And even if he did manage to escape how could he live
with a wife like Three Eyes-Beautiful Eyes?
Three Eyes-Beautiful Eyes, noticing his dejection,
snuggled up to him and said: “You
kidnapped me and I can never return to my father’s
house. But I shall defend myself with you and if worse comes
to worst, I shall die with you. For didn’t you say that you
were fond of me?”
From the house came the wailing of the bridesmaids, and
the terrible roar of the frenzied wedding guests, and above
it all the dreadful voice of the
insulted bridegroom thundered out:
“Who has kidnapped my bride?”
“Seven-Devils-Enemies-of-the-Gods,”
answered all the demons at once,
one louder than the other.
“Even if there are fourteen of them, or even twenty-one,
swore the groom, “not one of them will escape me. I shall
tear every one of them into a thousand
pieces!”
Aluda tried to hide behind a boulder, comforting himself
that they might overlook him, but Three Eyes-Beautiful Eyes
misunderstood his intention; she leaned against the boulder,
for she thought he wanted to roll it down on the house. She
wrenched an enormous crag out of the mountain-side, and the
crag went surging down towards the house below with a
deafening roar, tearing down everything in its path. Then
she snatched Aluda under one arm, the
horse under the other and bounded up the
mountain slope.
When the crag crashed into the castle below, caving in the
walls, the devils set up a terrible howling. Only the groom
lost no time and stormed after the
runaways up the mountainside.
“Ha, now I”ve got you,” he called out behind them in a
thunderous voice. “Stand still, all seven of you!”
Three Eyes-Beautiful Eyes set Aluda and the horse down
and leaned against another boulder. In the dark she could
not see who was where, and the devils could
not see her.
By the sound of the shouts, though, it was apparent that
they were not far behind them. Three Eyes-Beautiful Eyes
rolled another boulder down the mountainside and the groom
roared out in rage and in pain.
“What is the matter with you?!” asked Baqbaq’s seven
heads.
“Nothing, but I am becoming more and more cross!” said
the groom, not wanting to confess pain in front of his
father-in-law.
And the narrow valley replied to his thunderous voice with
the echo:
“Cross… cross… cross…”
“Ha, there is that Khevsur,” said the devils who were higher
up the mountain. “He’s swearing to Gudan’s Cross!” And
they started to topple boulders down in that direction.
Those who were lower down picked up rocks
and pelted them uphill, all of
them bellowed, those who were hit roared out, rocks
rumbled and trees cracked. No one knew who was fighting
whom in the confusion.
Aluda took his chance and jumped up on the horse and
started out on the narrow sheep trail along the mountain
precipices quite unmindful that with every step he could
break his neck, while the devils battled amongst themselves
mercilessly. Perhaps they all truly believed that their
adversaries were enemies of the gods, or perhaps in their
boundless rage they wanted to revenge themselves on their
comrades for the blows they had received. Who can say?
Suddenly, the voice of Thundershaker boomed out Of the
valley:
“Ho, ho, not one of you will escape ! I know what I shall do”
He stepped up to the side of the mountain, leaned his
mighty shoulders against it, braced his feet against the
opposite precipice and leant so mightily that the side of
the mountain cracked and collapsed, its
peak tore off and buried the entire
valley. For miles around the earth shook, the mountains
twisted, and in the fissures new valleys appeared.
And from that spot where the terrible horde of devils lay
buried, there rose a column of dust and acrid smoke as if
from burning limestone.
But by then, Aluda was in safety. At that very moment he
was crossing the mountain pass, and carefully he guided his
horse through a narrow gorge between two escarpments and
down into the valley which he knew well.
Monday, December 28, 2020
The Silver Forest, a Serbian folk tale.
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| Tales of the Uncanny by Václav Černy, Zlata Černá, and Miroslav Novák. Published in Czechoslovakia, 1976. https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/060038716X |
The Silver Forest
People have always been lured by the mysteries of deep, shadowy forests from the beginning of time. As long as they gathered the fruits of the forest, or felled trees in clearings dappled by the sun or on the forest's edge, they felt content. But when the path led deeper into the shadow of the forest, uneasiness fell upon them. Here the mysterious gloom thickened and boulders covered with moss loomed up in the path. The surface of murky pools no longer mirrored the blue sky. Only an occasional breath of air or the splash of frogs disturbed its somber calm. The lonely cry of birds and the cracking of dry twigs were the outward signs of the hidden life of the forest.
Not only did shy animals hide in the green half-light, but also mysterious beings lived here. These beings were seldom in sympathy with people. Phantom lights in the swamps tempted the wanderer from the safety of the dry paths; ugly "wild-women lurked in the deserted glades. Their wild dancing caused the death of anyone who joined them and did not succeed in escaping in time.
A thousand dangers threatened any man who boldly entered the twilight of the forest. And only very few ever succeeded in reaching the place where beautiful wood-nymphs gathered for their songs and dances under the tall spreading oak tree whose leaves shone with gold. So strictly did they guard their secrets, that every dare-devil who spied on them was cruelly punished. And yet sometimes the nymphs took pity on a lonely hunter or a lost wanderer and took him or her amongst themselves as a brother or sister. Songs were sung about such people, even though they spoke reluctantly of their adventures.
In one village, there lived an old man who had an only son named Dushan. The father was a wise and intelligent man and so he did not make Dushan stay at home with him. When he grew to the age when he could support himself, his father sent him out to gain experience of the world.
"There are many people in the world, and many trades and much useful knowledge. Go and discover for yourself what is right for you. When the time comes, you will return home."
So Dushan went. He walked through villages and towns, he met Christians and Turks. He studied various trades, but in the end his heart was captured by the violin. From the moment that he succeeded in playing it, he never again parted with his violin. Whenever he was grieved by the avarice of men or the injustice of their lot, he took out his violin and played until his sadness passed. And he loved to play it just as much when the sun shone brightly and gaily dressed girls danced in a circle.
In his travels Dushan learned many things and he understood many things, but still he did not feel that the time had come for him to return home. His hands were just as empty as when he had left and he had nothing remarkable of which he might be proud.
And so he wandered on. Once, when he had left a noisy city behind him, he was attracted by a soft green footpath. He turned to follow it and walked until he came to a forest. Silence encompassed him, disturbed only here and there by the cry of jays. Dushan lost track of time and of the way back and he let himself be carried on by the hushed pathways, trodden down by animals.
The sun had already set long ago and the forest had grown dark. Shreds of light white mist rose from the ground to hang among the trees. Suddenly a bright moon rose above the tall trees and in that instant the forest was utterly transformed. The trees towered high, their leaves shone with gold and their trunks glistened with ancient silver. Smoke was rising above the trees, and the flames of a fire flickered in the distance. Dushan caught a glimpse of strange beings dancing around the fire. They were winged maidens dressed in long flowing dresses.
Dushan started in fear. At once he remembered the many tales he had heard about evil wild-women and beautiful but cruel wood-nymphs. He did not dare to approach the fire, but at the same time he was loath to forego this wondrous sight. So after a moment's hesitation he sat down quietly at the foot of the spreading oak tree under which he stood and watched, spell-bound, to see what would happen.
A group of winged maidens drifted away from the fire and slowly moved closer to the place where he was hidden. The maidens were dancing in the light of the moon, crossing from the darkness of the tree's shadow into the moon's bright radiance, their long dresses catching on branches and merging with the white mist. A gentle singing accompanied their dancing. Dushan could not restrain himself and at the sight of such beauty, he sighed aloud.
Instantly there was pandemonium among the nymphs. Their singing stopped abruptly and the air was awhirl with the beating of their wings. The nymphs searched for the intruder who had stolen into their midst. The dark shadow of the spreading oak tree did not protect Dushan. The nymphs caught sight of him and in the very same moment all of them fixed him in the stare of their evil eyes. At that moment Dushan found that he could neither speak nor see.
He found himself in total darkness and he could not even plead for mercy. His lips were unable to move and in vain, he stretched his arms out to where he believed the nymphs were. They no longer paid any attention to him and began to dance once more. Dushan began to weep, for there was no help for him now, and he must perish wretchedly in the depths of the forest.
Suddenly he remembered his violin. It would tell his tale of sadness to these heartless creatures. He settled down beneath the tree and began to play. He played in the dark forest and in the bright light of the moon, though he saw nothing of it. He told of the beauty which he had allowed to entice him, wistfully he sang of his pain and his grief. The nymphs stopped their dancing and listened to Dushan's song.
When he finished playing, they darted off into the forest and searched for healing herbs which would break their spell. One applied the healing balm to his eyes, another brought healing water and gave it to him to drink. Dushan's vision and speech were restored. The nymphs took him amongst themselves as a brother and he stayed with them for a long time and accompanied their dances with the song of his violin.
After many years he returned to the world of people and to his native land. But it is not without reason that people say that the forest leaves its mark on a person to the end of his days. Dushan was often silent; it seemed as if he lived in another world. And year after year he would disappear into the forest for days on end.
The Ecological Disaster of Easter Island
Sunday, December 27, 2020
Places of interest around the Salton Sea
Friday, December 25, 2020
How to grow cacti, cactus, cactuses, and succulents from seed
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| Glottiphyllum depressum, just one of the many succulents growing from seed in my greenhouse |
I've been growing succulent plants for about 25 years, but this year I decided to focus on growing them from seed. In this way I could quickly build a collection of rare succulents at low cost, and have spare plents to sell and swap with other growers. I'd grown from seed a few trimes before with mixed success. One of the first things I noticed was a lack of information online about how to grow succulents from seed. This page is meant to rectify that by collecting information in one place.
This page will be updated periodically, so come back later for updates.
One of the first places I found for seed growing info was Mesa Gardens germination tips.
https://mesagarden.com/germination-tips
After trying Mesa Garden's mix for my first year I had mixed results. The germination rates were excellent but then plants seemed to languish. Part of my problem was that I had to substitute some ingredients in the mix, but mostly my previsou experience with vermiculite was that it holds too much water for succulents. The ample water holding capacity of vermiculite was good for getting seeds to germinate, but detrimental to keeping the young seedlings alive during those ciritcal first few years. In fact the plants often died soon after germinating, or were stunted.
Another resource was Windowsill Cactus. This page covers earlier efforts to grow succulents, before the development
http://windowsillcactus.com/growing_cactus_seeds.shtml
Hi,
I was wondering if you sell your Metamorphosisenips seeds starting mix. I don't see it for sale on the site. Otherwise, can you share the recipe?
Dave,San Diego, CA.
Tuesday, October 20, 2020
I'm nothing but a pile of rags
Tuesday, July 21, 2020
Capitalism is good, not evil.
4 Common Capitalism Myths Debunked
Tuesday, January 9, 2018

One of the most disappointing things I face as a college professor is the lack of understanding most students have regarding capitalism. The simple fact is, despite its importance to our daily lives, relatively few people have a strong grasp of what causes economic growth and why markets are so central to continuously rising standards of living.
In my teaching, I have encountered several myths or misperceptions about capitalism from students as well as individuals outside the classroom. Dispelling these myths has become a focus of much of my teaching.
Myth #1: Capitalism Was “Created”
One of the most pervasive misunderstandings about capitalism is the idea that it was created by someone. Some of this can be attributed to the language used to describe Adam Smith’s role in explaining the market process. The common reference to Smith as “the father of modern economics” can lead people to assume that he in some way created the market system. It is also not unreasonable to conclude that, since socialism is generally reliant on planning, many would assume that capitalism is as well.
Markets arise out of our human qualities.
This notion of a spontaneous order emerging out of the individual actions of millions of people, and the discovery of rules and institutions that will facilitate the continual progress of this order, may be the most important aspect of capitalism. It succeeds because it arises out of humanity itself.
Unlike socialism, which attempts to impose rules and institutions regardless of their conformity to human nature or desires, markets arise out of our human qualities. And the rules and institutions that facilitate the ability of markets to perform are discovered as we discover ourselves and in the way we interact with one another.
Myth #2: Capitalism Creates Poverty
This may be the most pernicious of all the misunderstandings I encounter regarding markets. The idea that absent market capitalism would create greater shared wealth within society continues to permeate the thinking of a great deal of people. This is despite mounting evidence that, as markets are used by more and more countries, global poverty is steadily decreasing.
All developed countries have market-based economies.
In the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith explained how markets, by continuously expanding the range of goods and services to an ever-increasing number of people, would produce what he called “universal opulence.” However, since Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels first launched their frontal assault on capitalism, many intellectuals, entertainers, and even politicians have embraced the idea that capitalism causes poverty, or at least prevents people from escaping it, and more disturbingly, that socialism leads to greater prosperity for the masses.
It’s not surprising, then, that these ideas filter down to the public-at-large. But this idea that capitalism leads to poverty for the masses while socialism leads to their prosperity is exactly opposite to all the evidence we have.
All developed countries have market-based economies. Those developing countries seeing the greatest growth have adopted market principles. Contrast this with countries that have fully adopted socialism, such as Venezuela or North Korea. It is troubling that incoming students do not understand this.
Myth #3: Capitalism Is about Capital
The underlying foundation of capitalism is human freedom.
The underlying foundation of capitalism is human freedom. As Adam Smith recognized, when individuals are permitted to pursue their self-interest through markets, they are amazingly good at finding ways of bettering not only themselves but society as well.
Equally important, as economist Joseph Schumpeter explained, out of this freedom arises a continuous process of improvement – what he called “creative destruction.” It is this constant innovation – discovering and bringing to market new products and services, finding ways of improving existing products and services, and finding more efficient ways to create these products and services – that truly drives economic growth and increases standards of living.
The fact is, while the accumulation of capital is a feature of a market economy, it’s certainly not exclusive to it. It is individual freedom and the innovation that arises from it that drives the engine of capitalism.
Myth #4: Capitalism Creates “Winners” and “Losers”
While it is true that some individuals and firms succeed while others do not in capitalism, this also is hardly an exclusive feature of markets. All economic systems have some individuals who succeed and others who fail in one form or another.
Over the long run, society in its entirety benefits as a result of markets.
Second, over the long run, society in its entirety benefits as a result of markets. This is because markets, as mentioned above, bring more goods and services within reach of more people than any other system.
Markets also produce products and services that improve our lives in ways that our ancestors could never have dreamed. Just consider all the things that exist today, that didn’t a mere thirty years ago. The simple fact is that today even the poorest modern Americans have more goods and services at their disposal than kings and queens did just two hundred years ago.
So, although individual firms may fail, and individual people may not gain great wealth, the fact is that, over the long-run, we all win by enjoying better living standards than previous generations.
We Need Better Education
If the United States is going to continue to see its economy grow and the living standards of its citizens improve, it is important that students are taught the basics of the economic system that has allowed them to experience Adam Smith’s “universal opulence.” Without this basic knowledge, they're easily led to believe the myths I’ve mentioned and to vote for politicians and policies that will ultimately undermine the very system that has made their lives significantly better than their ancestors, as well as better than most of their contemporaries across the globe.















































